Fraser: Bridging the Gaps

The Museum Highlights selections really opened my eyes to the art world and its boundaries.  Many people, myself included, fail to realize how divisive the arts have become at the hand of professionalism and academia.  This is extremely important to note and I believe that groups like Kontext Kunst and artists like Andrea Fraser that dedicate themselves to bridging the gaps between writing, thinking, and making presented in the art world are admirable.  Fraser is able to do this through the interconnectedness of her writing, and performances.

One thing that stood out to me about Frasers project art is the way in which it critiques aspects of the culture of art oftentimes simply through representation.  Understanding these cultural tendencies is something that I came to learn through Fraser’s work.  For example, while reading chapter 9 of a performance where Jane Castleton leads a tour group through the Philadelphia Museum of Art, it became undoubtedly apparent to me who and what the Museum deemed important, as well as what type of people the Museum preferred and catered to.  Fraser sums up this notion beautifully in her description of Jane in the end notes where she states:

“as a volunteer, she expresses the possession of a quantity of the leisure and the economic and cultural capital that defines a museum’s patron class.  It is only a small quantity – indicating rather than bridging the class gap that compels her to volunteer her services in the absence of capital…yet it is enough to position her in identification with the museum’s board of trustees and as the museum’s exemplary viewer” (Fraser, 110)

Fraser:  Through the interconnectedness of her writing and performances, Fraser attempts to bridge the division between ‘writing’, ‘thinking’, and ‘making’ that the professionalization of the artist and intellectual created.

Taylor:  Taylor outlines the history of performance art and highlights artists significant to the genre including Abramovic, and Scheemann.

Artistic Intervention vs. Cultural Production

The readings for the weeks discussed a question that has been on my mind for the entirety of the semester: namely what is the role of the artist in critiquing the structures of the institutions much of their art is housed in. I appreciated Fraser and Wilson’s interrogation of the museum as a site that reproduces discourses and the humor with which they both went about their critiques. Additionally as someone who doesn’t have a lot of background in art history or art critique it was exciting to read Taylor’s piece on performance art. Before this class I did not have a lot of exposure to what the possibilities for active artistic interventions could look like within the museum space.

In the introduction to Museum Highlights there is a quote from Fraser where she discusses the difference between artistic practice and cultural production. This difference is a helpful framework with which to engage the work of Wilson, Fraser, and the other performance artists that participated in the institutional critique art movement. The difference, Fraser states, is that “cultural production is inherently affirmative, upholding established conventions and conforming to (and reproducing the status quo)”, while artistic practice “challenges, reflects upon, and attempts to transform the structure of the artistic field” (Fraster xxiv). In other words, for Fraser art is about intervention.

Taking this idea of intervention and putting it in conversation with Fraser’s positionality as an artist, it become interesting to look at how her own participation within her performance shifts as she continues to question how best she can continue to move away from cultural production and towards artistic intervention.  In comparing the account of her performance in Museum Highlights to her performance in Welcome to the Wadsworth, one notices how constructing herself as a insider of this world (which she was already, her performative insider construction was simply an exaggeration of her own positionality) distances herself from her tour audience, while at the same time opening herself up for critique as a privileged participant/creator within these institutions. This self serves a different function than her alter-ego Jane Castleton who as a docent was positioned as being much closer to the public and, like the public she guided, constructed as mainly a participant.

Fraser’s work as a performance artist toes the line between participating in cultural production (given the real world feeling of her performance) and artistic intervention. I am curious to hear whether our class considers her interventions a successful balance or a well intentioned critique that falls short of a complete intervention. I am also excited to discuss what the drawbacks and advantages were to the persona of Castleton and her performance persona of herself.


(placing this image here because my favorite moment of all of her work was the moment where where she starts talking about naming the Museum Gift Shop Andrea)

Exclusive Museums

Taylor: “Performance Art” explores the work of visual artists, such as Carolee Schneemann and Chris Burden.

Fraser: Andrea Fraser critiques the exclusionary practices of museum institutions by revealing their bias towards the white, middle class audience.

I was fascinated by Andrea Fraser’s construction of self as an “insider” while serving as docent, Jane Castleton. As an insider, a person who represents the values of the museum and is a “figure of identification for the primarily white, middle-class audience,” the docent’s identity excludes members who may identify with another race or class. Fraser’s mention of “culture-speak,” jargon used by docents, also alienates “outsiders” and those that are unfamiliar with the language. This theme of self and other is present in Fraser’s performance with the separation of the outsider from the insider. Similar to our past readings of how art excludes spectators that do not identify with the narrative of the artist or the subject of portrayal, the museum tour performance does the same by outcasting “others” who are not members of the white, middle class community.

An interesting aspect of the reading was Fraser’s reference to the Museum Shop and the opportunity to change the name of the shop for $750,000. This mention of opportunity and the docent’s suggestion to the audience to purchase a museum membership may give visitors a sense of unwelcome and create guilt because of their inability to afford such luxuries. From the jargon of the docent to the European exhibits of the museum, it is obvious that it is an institution that forces the public to “raise their standards of taste” if it wants to appreciate the values of the museum. Overall, Fraser does an excellent job of using her artistic production via museum tours and fictional character to challenge the historical practices of museums that do not represent the identity of the local community.

Fraser

Andrea Fraser radically performs the role of a museum docent to expose the discourse that defines entering an institutional sphere and address its limiting nature with regards to race and class.

I think it is interesting that Fraser decided her identification as a docent became problematic and obscured her authority as an artist and further obscured “the relations of domination of which museums are the sites and which its recognized agents produce and reproduce”.

I am curious as to the responsibility of the artist when performance pieces are received un-ironically. The same question holds for Coco Fusco’s piece, Two Undiscovered Amerindians Visit the West. I would like to know the reception of Fraser’s Museum Highlights piece and if it accomplished her original goals.

Similarly, with the informal circulation of the Letter to Wadsworth Atheneum at the museum, I am curious what the audience reaction was. While the letter was addressed to the institution, the audience was in fact the very bourgeoisie population that the letter confronts.

I would also be curious to hear Fraser’s thoughts on what constitutes art. For me, her letter is more a promotion of social awareness.

The Local Approach

Summaries of Readings:

Taylor: Performance art acts as an active medium for the artist to experiment with the body and radical concepts.

Introduction: Albero introduces Fraser’s work as an unprecedented use of literary essays that complement and context her contemporary art work.

A Gallery Talk: Jane acts as an awkward museum guide to provide commentary on the city of Philadelphia and the museum’s structure.

A Letter to the Wadsworth: Fraser’s performances use candid language to criticize the ignorance of class conflict in Hartford and explain its reasoning.

A Sensation Chronicle: Addressing the Sensation controversy, Fraser emphasizes voices in the art world and the different autonomies that govern the field.

Andrea Fraser's 'Box Set'

Andrea Fraser’s ‘Box Set’

Response:

As a conceptual artist, Andrea Fraser mainly uses the active medium of performance for her work. She differentiates herself from other performance artists by using museums as the location to provide commentary on the local community. In Welcome to the Wadsworth (1991), Fraser acts as a tour guide of Wadsworth Atheneum who indirectly explains how the patronage history of Hartford leads to the city’s current ignorance of class conflict. The subject of Fraser’s Welcome to the Wadsworth continues to distinguish her method as she enters an artistic safe haven of Hartford as an outsider and critiques the community. On the surface, her approach seems like a rather rude, creative intrusion. Nevertheless, Fraser creates a tangible subject for her audience, unlike other artists who address more broad subjects. Certain artists decide to tackle overarching themes, such as racism and sexism in America. Such works inform and involve the audience in ignored topics but distance the viewers as they attempt to understand the broad themes which may appear unfeasible for them to influence. Whereas, Fraser’s performance addresses the ignored issue of class conflict on the local level of Hartford. Viewers who are moved by her Welcome to the Wadsworth are more likely to address the issue in the neighborhood than a viewer who feels that they do not have much influence on racism in America.

Nevertheless, Fraser still creates distance between her performance and her audience. In Welcome to the Wadsworth, she makes her tour attendees feel rather uncomfortable as she blatantly expresses disgust for the urban poor and migrants who are changing the scene of Hartford. Her harsh words are meant to articulate the unexpressed thoughts of the middle class and above who are disturbed by the changes. Although Fraser’s statements contain truth, their abruptness catches the tour attendees off guard which can prevent them from understanding her performance. Like the work of other artists’ who tackle broad themes, Fraser criticizes her subject and fails to provide a way for the community to tackle the issue. Hence, viewers of her performance may still feel isolated from the topic of her work, although it addresses more tangible and local issues.

The Role of the Museum

Both Andrea Fraser and Fred Wilson provoke a fundamental question: what role does a museum play culturally, historically and economically. By inserting themselves—as social commentators, as well as performance artists—into the hegemonic body of the museum, they undermine and re-assess institutional power and practices. Museums are, in a sense, responsible for the mainstream definition of the dichotomy between art and mediocrity: a role that curators, benefactors and staff willingly accept as powerful guards of ‘taste’ and institutional ideologies. It is this role, according to Andrea Fraser, that allows museums to perceive themselves as extricated from the nexus of art and economics. However, museums are undeniably linked to their financial backers and, as such, have a vested interest in catering to certain histories, traditions and portions of society. The presupposition that museums are distinct from this system is largely flawed and while Sensation critique condemns collectors like Charles Saatchi for his economic interest in art (and not merely art for art’s sake), museums are very much linked to the lucrative nature of art consumption.

Fred Wilson and Andrea Fraser infiltrate this model in separate ways, but to a similar effect: each artist highlights what museums choose to ignore. Mining the Museum draws on one collection to juxtapose mainstream visual traditions with the hidden histories of the American South. By placing racial and social history at the forefront, the artist highlights the historical rejection and exclusion of black history from institutional memory. By adopting the role of ‘curator,’ Wilson is at once an artist, a social critic and a voice of institutional power (selected and funded by the institutions he permeates). Andrea Fraser, as a docent, patron and performance artist, also becomes the voice of the museum by giving tours and highlighting the museum’s role within the community. By considering the context of a museum’s surroundings, patrons and historical role, Fraser calls into question the ideologies that museums create and disseminate. The artists thus raise the question of who museums cater to and which memories they disseminate.

 

Wilson: Mining the Museum draws upon the collection of the Maryland Historical Society to highlight the neglected past of African Americans, raising questions of historical and racial memory through unique juxtapositions of mainstream and hidden works of art.

Fraser: Fraser puts forth a wide spanning critique of museum politics, self-perceptions, censorship and curatorial choices through satirical tours, eloquent writings and direct communication with museum leadership.

Taylor: Taylor tracks the rise and spread of performance art from the 1960s onward, as well as the genre’s early artists.

Andrea Frazer’s Embodiment of the Art Institution

Taylor: Taylor’s historical chronicle of performance art illustrates the genre as one that mimics life’s (un)scripted, (un)predictable, and ephemeral nature.

Fraser: Andrea Fraser’s Museum Highlights is a sobering treatise that begs us to strategically deconstruct an art institution that has historically been the recipient of our unquestioning admiration and allegiance.

Andrea Fraser’s scripted performances in Museum Highlights legitimizes many of my own experiences of feeling inferior during my visits to art institutions throughout my childhood and young adult life.  Her impersonation of distinguished representatives of the museum quickly brought to light the specific mannerisms that were at the source of my discomfort. It was the way the curators, docents, guards and guides were dressed in either an official uniform or a particular high-class style of dress… It was also the way they moved about the art space, their knowledge of the “right” order in which to view the art works, the “best” viewing distance in which to interact with the piece, and their control over the amount of time an individual is given to take in a masterpiece. And it was the discriminatory and almost cryptic dialect which they employed in an effort to distinguish the prestigious and tasteful works of art exhibited in the museum from the lower-class creations existing outside of the museum walls…

In Frazer’s concluding quote of Chapter 9, she sums up the function of the museum not only as a site of socialization for the lower-class public, but as a discriminatory body that produces value and meaning in the art world: “distinguishing between a coat room and a rest room, between a painting and a telephone, a guard and a guide…”

In Chapter 11, Frazer continues to demystify the naturalized rhetoric about the characteristics of a museum as ordained. When considering the names of museums, lobbies or wings of an art institution, Frazer brings attention to the fact that many were named after historically wealthy-class individuals.  What’s more, she makes note of the fact that many buildings were given names “in memory of loved ones who sometimes had no interest in art themselves,” which served to discredit my assumption that all the patrons of that time had a taste for art. Learning the details behind a museum’s formation helped me as a consumer of art to humanize an art institution that is commonly seen as impenetrable. It also disrupts the belief that museums are naturally exclusive entities. Frazer makes it easier for art critics and the general public alike to see the institution’s systematic maintenance of disproportionate power relations between museum “insiders” and “outsiders.”

Insider art?

After reading the transcript of Andrea Fraser’s performance Welcome to the Wadsworth at the Wadsworth Atheneum and her letter to the museum’s curator, I searched the Internet to find a recording of her performance.  The first video I found was was a brief and poorly-shot tape of someone watching a recording of Fraser’s performance on a television.  The people watching the performance, whom one can hear chatting and laughing behind the camera, seem to be watching the performance with no context or prior knowledge of it’s aims. They didn’t know it was a satire and carefully staged critique.  My immediate reaction was to dismiss these viewers as missing the point of Fraser’s work but I realized that their exposure to the performance was very close to that of the original audience and so their reaction shouldn’t be shrugged off . They hadn’t been prepped with Fraser’s writings and commentary on the work before seeing it as I had which brought me back to a question that had been floating around in my head while reading the performance script.  Does the performance lose power if the audience never catches on that it’s a critique?  Is this kind of commentary intended only for insiders?  If it falls on deaf ears in the original audience does that make the recordings and transcripts even more important?

Questioning the philosophy of the museum

Sentences

Fraser: In Museum Highlights: The Writings of Andrea Fraser, the artist explores the dichotomies of art and politics, economics and popular culture, specifically in the context of museums such as The Brooklyn Museum, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Wadsworth Atheneum, and The Philadelphia Institute of the Arts.

Taylor: The history of performance art and its evolution from artists movements such as DADA and Alan Kaprow’s “happenings” in the 1960s is examined in order create further understanding about fleeting works of art.

Reflection

I found Andrea Fraser’s writing fascinating and look forward to hearing her speak about her performance art pieces and conception of  “museum politics” on Tuesday. The beginning of the introduction to Museum Highlights, Alexander Alberro, who wrote the introduction hit the nail on the head about the importance of artists’ writings in Fraser’s art including essays, tracts, statements and interviews when he says “[writings] are and inherent part of her artistic practice.” Which in turn implicates artists as intellectuals, despite the rigid divide traditionally drawn by the art world. I was particularly moved by Fraser’s letter to the Wadsworth Atheneum in Hartford, Connecticut, as Hartford is the closest major city to my hometown. Interestingly, the history of the Wadsworth Atheneum is one that has been a part of system of oppression for the poor and people of color for many decades up until the 1970s, as it was the first museum in the United States opening in 1842, founded by white New England elites. What intrigued me about Fraser’s writing about Hartford is that it is so clearly academic, indicting that a great amount of research was required to have and understanding the museums history, specifically donors, history of backlash, and educational programs. I am interested in the discussions of funding of museums, such as backlash against the Brooklyn Museum by then mayor of New York, Rudy Guilani, about the exhibition Sensation in 1999. The case of the Wadsworth Atheneum is interesting in the context of the history of Hartford, and the white flight to the suburbs in the 1960 because of militant Black Power groups as Fraser describes them. I am curious to know about the current educational and community initiatives in Hartford due to the poverty-stricken exteriors of the city today.

In reading Taylor’s chapter on performance art as well as selections from Fraser’s book, I reflected on a trip I took to the Museum of Modern Art yesterday afternoon. At first it seemed unlike any other trip I would have taken to this museum a trip to fifth floor to see The Migration Series (1940-1) by Jacob Lawrence and a slow meandering down to the second floor. I was however, greeted with masses of people staring into a glass box in the entrance to galleries where tickets are scanned. As I got closer, I realized it was woman was sleeping in the box, a pair of glasses and water jug accompanied her. I looked at the label on wall behind the box and came to find out that the woman in the box was, Tilda Swinton, an actress and artist, there was however no information about the purpose of the performance. While standing before the box I struggled to understand the significance of Swinton’s performance entitled The Maybe. I was completely disturbed by the voyeuristic nature of this piece, as in; it felt like viewers were becoming part of a highly private and personal moment. Additionally, I considered the performance pieces of Fraser, which were completely different as Fraser interacts with her audiences during most of her performance pieces. Of course, I took to Twitter to understand more about my strange experience at the MoMA and learned that Swinton will be performing The Maybe half a dozen more times (unannounced until the day of) throughout the year. This is pertinent to Fraser’s writing specifically in Chapter 17: A Sensation Chronicle, when talking about the motives of commercial museums, like the MoMA, in having specific sponsors and art which may or may not garner controversy and publicity. In this instance, Swinton, an important actress turned artist has done just that.

Using the Museum as the Performer

Taylor gives background to various artists who paved the way for performance art such as Carolee Scheemann.

Andrea Fraser’s institutional critique of art museums disrupts the audience’s notion of authenticity and authority.

Fred Wilson counteracts Maryland’s colonist history and focuses on racial victimization, anonymity, and the influence of slavery.

Response:

Fraser and Wilson use the basis of their performance art by having the museum act as the actor, in which they commentate or position items in a particular fashion. In this way, they themselves are not necessarily performing but the museum is, on which they act as the intermediate between the relationship of the viewer and the museum. The question of artistry is questionable for some who believe that their work is not art, for it doesn’t involve any craft and only manipulation of objects or words to create the work. However, in this manipulation, the viewer (sometimes) becomes aware of the authority placed onto them as the viewer and the authority automatically given to the museum and its employees.

Wilson’s performance is clear, for he arranges items found in the archive and pairs them with another or positions them in a certain way, as to provoke a historical narrative that often is in contrast with the typical grandiose or “extension of European history” narrative of museums. Wilson’s rendition encourages the viewer to contemplate the forgotten, transgressive times of American history, by highlighting black servant faces within portraits of a large white family, and positioning finely crafted wooden chairs that mark American artistry around a somber, formidable whipping post.

Wilson turns Native American Tobacco store figures away from the viewer.

Fraser calls into question the authority placed on the patron and the authority granted to the museums employees, for the patron expects the usual tour of what works to pay attention to, which are famous etc. However, she offers little consolation and rambles about facts about the history of the museum itself, as she did in Hartford, or about herself, as a Daughter of the American Revolution, boosting not only her claim of artistic authority but of genealogical heritage to the town itself.  She becomes unnecessary and almost a nuisance, distracting the patrons away from the art encouraging them to question her presence and her academic ability.

Fraser talks to a group of museum patrons.