The Humanities and the Sciences- are they in conflict??

This past week of presentations has really hit home for me the idea that incorporating art (in the form of a play such as Sherlock and Dr. No-it-all!) or music (in the form of a beautiful Nucleosome song!) or art (in the form of a protein sculpture) can really enhance scientific understanding and can make science more fun and imaginative.

On that note, it has gotten me thinking about a series of articles I read last summer, which perhaps after this semester, I might have more insight about.

This past summer, Steven Pinker (a supporter of the role of the sciences in society) and Leon Wieseltier (someone who has argued that science should not be applied to the humanities) engaged in a debate online via the NewRepublic. Some see both the sciences and humanities having equal potential to influence our world in a healthy way. Some see the sciences as encroaching on all things sacred in our lives, including the arts. For example, Wieseltier might say that the most recent focus on neuroscience (and applying it to the understanding of human love, memory, stress, music appreciation etc,) reduces the complexity of life to scientific measures.

I have included a passage below written by Pinker (who argues for the benefits of applying natural sciences to the social sciences):

“Why should either discipline stay inside Wieseltier’s sterile rooms? Does morality have nothing to do with the facts of human well-being, or with the source of human moral intuitions? Does political theory have nothing to learn from a better understanding of people’s inclinations to cooperate, aggress, hoard, share, work, empathize, or submit to authority? Is art really independent of language, perception, memory, emotion? If not, and if scientists have made discoveries about these faculties which go beyond received wisdom, why isn’t it for them to say that these ideas belong in any sophisticated discussion of these topics?”

When I read these articles this past summer, I whole-heartedly accepted Wieseltier’s beliefs that there are certain areas of human experience that are sacred and beyond the reach of what science can illuminate. I still understand his perspective that science can’t explain why certain musical compositions have powerful effects on our emotions. However, after participating in this blog this semester, I can now say that even with subjects such as love, science has a role to play. And yet, we are complex, irrational beings, and the emotions I experience when listening to Brahms or Beethoven ultimately cannot be reduced to science, though I know a popular field now is Biological Musicology-looking at how music draws out certain emotions, biologically.

So in sum, we need the biological perspective and we need the social science/behavioral perspective. We need the Sciences and we need the humanities. The more I read about both perspectives, the more I find value in each perspective for its own merits, perhaps because I am have become accustomed to a scientific way of thinking (looking for concrete scientific support in data, and annotating these figures!!) and yet I think we are amazingly complex beings, and our creations are extensions of our thinking and emotions which can not be reduced to science.

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Why does Vitamin C aid iron absorption?

Recently, my mom went to donate blood and was told her iron levels were too low. She has since been advised to eat foods rich in Vitamin C.
So the question arises… why does Vitamin C aid in iron absorption? As the Biochemist in the family, I told her I would look into it!

Here is what I have gathered:
We digest two kinds of iron: heme and nonheme iron. Heme iron, which comes from hemoglobin and myoglobin, is easily absorbed. On the other hand, the absorption of nonheme iron, the more common kind of heme, depends on meal composition. Ascorbic acid is one form of Vitamin C and enhances nonheme iron absorption. It is also known to reverse the inhibiting effect of tea and calcium/phosphate on iron absorption. For meals with high iron availability-such as meat, fish, or poultry, its effect may be less needed. However for meals with mostly vegetables (and my mom has recently become vegetarian,) the amount of ascorbic acid available directly enhances the amount of iron absorption. How does Ascorbic acid do this? It promotes iron absorption by forming a chelate (a compound containing a ligand bonded to a central metal atom such as iron) with ferric iron at acidic pH. Where this ligand bond between the acid and iron occurs…I am not sure. From looking at the ascorbic acid molecular structure, it would be reasonable to suggest it occurs at one of its many hydroxyl groups. (since its an acid, it is not without hydroxyls!!) There are a few caveats. This form of Vitamin C comes at a high cost and is unstable during food storage. These two features detract from Vitamin C’s ability to promote iron absorption for those dealing with low iron levels.

For more information- see http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6940487

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Challenge Your Stress, And Win!

For a couple decades now, scientists and public media have been talking about pyschoneuroimmunology, PNI — that funny field at the intersection of what we think and how the chemicals in our body respond to make us healthy or ill. We’ve all heard how stress, depression, anxiety, and anger repress our immune systems. Concepts like “my job is killing me” or “my relationship’s giving me ulcers” may actually be true. Bad thoughts, unhealthy relationships, and the ensuing feelings of lacking control can all contribute — as much as a fatty diet — to cardiovascular disease, throwing off both your immune system and the endocrine system. A major pathway that makes us ill in the face of our upsets is via the excessive release of stress hormone norepinephrine, for which high levels in the bloodstream will cause plaque buildup and, without stress reduction, will result in complete blockages: namely, heart attacks, strokes, and arteriosclerosis.

However, not all hope is lost! Some people (about half the subjects in one study) had no physiological or mental indications of very high stress even over the course of several months of a challenging period. In this study of business managers, those who felt the stress became clinically ill. However, others who 1) saw the new demands as a Challenge, 2) retained their sense of Control despite it all, and 3) showed extreme Commitment to their work survived without the deleterious effects. These latter copers have become known as the C-type, for their three stress-reducing C epithets.

And, as we all know, positive experiences, such as interactions with close friends and reconnecting with family, can actually significantly boost our immune systems. In addition, we can further reduce our cortisol and norepinephrine levels by letting our flight or fight response do something active — run, box, or even just kick around the bouncy balls the Wellesley S.M.I.L.E.S. have left out on Sev Green. So, as we all go into finals, remember to run around with your friends, laugh, call home, Commit yourself to your work, remember You Have Control over when and how you take your exams, and think of this final period at Wellesley as a welcomed Challenge to prove who you are and what you can really tackle.

Good luck!

Qualification: All of my facts came from a book on Poisonous People by Harriet Braiker and not from the direct scientific journals. If you’d like to read more about how to reduce your stress and take back your life, however, I recommend her works. They are available from the Wellesley Public Library (you need a piece of mail from your Wellesley address to prove your MA residence for a library card) except now since I’m already hoarding them.

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Oooh

Had any of you heard of this?

Apparently male researchers stress out their mice!

http://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/male-researchers-stress-out-lab-rodents

 

This naturally means that depending on who is doing the research, results may be altered!

LOL, and apparently men smell bad…

“The stress men produced in mice and rats is equivalent to restraining them for 15 minutes in a tube or forcing them to swim for three minutes. This stress-induced reaction made mice and rats of both sexes less sensitive to pain.
With further tests, they found that the “shockingly stressful” effect of male experimenters was due to smell: an olfactory stimulation from a mixture of chemicals present in human sweat. The team was able to reproduce as strong of an effect just by placing cotton T-shirts worn the night before by men next to the rodents. “
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Altering Genes to Repel HIV

Article links: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/06/health/study-gives-hope-of-altering-genes-to-repel-hiv.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/06/health/second-success-raises-hope-for-a-way-to-rid-babies-of-hiv.html?hp&_r=1

You might have already seen this, but scientists have treated a second baby for HIV. Research for an HIV cure is underway using “gene editing”. The protein that the virus binds to to infect a cell is removed from the body. Theoretically, this would prevent the cells from being infected. The baby is still on anti-HIV drugs, though the virus is undetectable.

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This week in biochemistry

I have thoroughly enjoyed watching the presentations we have had this week. Apart from getting a recap of everything we have learned in class this semester, I have laughed and simply been in awe of the creativity that this class possesses! I hope that every guest that came got as much appreciation as I did but one thing that’s sure is my own appreciation for the relevance of biochemistry to many areas of life increased. Thank you everyone for such a great end to a class!

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The Biochemistry of Drug Design

Scientists develop drugs with the best of intentions, but at times they find that the drugs they create interact negatively with the body, or with the microbiome. For instance, the anti-cancer drug camptothecin (CPT-11), commonly used to treat colon cancer and, at times, brain and lung cancer, but it causes severe intestinal distress in about 40% of patients. This is from an unfavorable interaction that microbes have with the drug, wherein they reactivate CPT-11 after the liver deactivates it, leading to prolonged effects in the body. Scientists were able to find that there was an enzyme, beta-glucuronidase, removes the deactivating glucuronic acid from CPT-11 and the bacterial form of beta-glucuronidase is significantly different than the human form, making it possible to create an inhibitor for bacterial beta-glucuronidase that will not effect the human form. They found that bacterial beta-glucuronidase had a catalytic glutamic acid in a loop that was completely missing in the human form, and so, knowing structural details of this enzyme, they were able to screen for molecules that would interact with this enzyme but not with human forms. It appears that this worked! A mouse model used one of these inhibitors and reduced side-effects from CPT-11 drastically, possibly making this cancer drug a more viable candidate again.

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Criticizing Journal Articles: So Helpful!

The other day, my older brother came to Boston for a business trip and we met for dinner. We caught up on his work and my classes- and how much I love biochem! He was happy for me but seemed a little unsure. As an accountant, he’s not all that immersed in the world of science. He started to say how he thinks science classes are great, but he feels that many doctors and students have learned through science courses to blindly take what they are taught and what they read about science as the truth, and that it can lead to doctors prescribing the wrong medications/treatments. I agreed with him that that is how it is for a lot of other classes I’ve been in throughout my years of studying science, but recently, and mostly in biochem, we are actually taught how to criticize scientific papers. I told him all about how we diagram entire papers and see where they may have faults in their process or what they forgot to mention to validate their argument-and he was so surprised! I really don’t think many other students at other schools get a chance to learn how to or that they even can criticize journal articles, so I really appreciate this skill. Thanks Didem!

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Loratadine (Claritin)

Yesterday I also learned a bit about the biochemical/orgo basis for how Claritin works, during the orgo II drug poster sessions. I learned that Claritin is a second generation antihistamine, which means that it is a non-sedative antihistamine (while first generation antihistamines, such as Benadryl, are sedative). But it was so cool because the presenter, Mariya, was able to tell us the molecular reason for why Claritin was non-sedative. Basically, there is an added ester group on one end of the molecule that then does not allow it to cross the blood-brain barrier due to its newfound polarity. Since it can’t cross this barrier,  it can’t stimulate a drowsy response.

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